Integrand size = 20, antiderivative size = 412 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^{7/2} \left (a+b x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {2}{5 a x^{5/2}}+\frac {2 b}{a^2 \sqrt {x}}+\frac {\sqrt [4]{c} \left (b-\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right ) \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{-b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{2^{3/4} a^2 \sqrt [4]{-b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}+\frac {\sqrt [4]{c} \left (b+\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right ) \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{-b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{2^{3/4} a^2 \sqrt [4]{-b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}-\frac {\sqrt [4]{c} \left (b-\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right ) \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{-b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{2^{3/4} a^2 \sqrt [4]{-b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}-\frac {\sqrt [4]{c} \left (b+\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right ) \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{-b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}\right )}{2^{3/4} a^2 \sqrt [4]{-b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}} \]
-2/5/a/x^(5/2)+1/2*c^(1/4)*arctan(2^(1/4)*c^(1/4)*x^(1/2)/(-b-(-4*a*c+b^2) ^(1/2))^(1/4))*(b+(2*a*c-b^2)/(-4*a*c+b^2)^(1/2))*2^(1/4)/a^2/(-b-(-4*a*c+ b^2)^(1/2))^(1/4)-1/2*c^(1/4)*arctanh(2^(1/4)*c^(1/4)*x^(1/2)/(-b-(-4*a*c+ b^2)^(1/2))^(1/4))*(b+(2*a*c-b^2)/(-4*a*c+b^2)^(1/2))*2^(1/4)/a^2/(-b-(-4* a*c+b^2)^(1/2))^(1/4)+1/2*c^(1/4)*arctan(2^(1/4)*c^(1/4)*x^(1/2)/(-b+(-4*a *c+b^2)^(1/2))^(1/4))*(b+(-2*a*c+b^2)/(-4*a*c+b^2)^(1/2))*2^(1/4)/a^2/(-b+ (-4*a*c+b^2)^(1/2))^(1/4)-1/2*c^(1/4)*arctanh(2^(1/4)*c^(1/4)*x^(1/2)/(-b+ (-4*a*c+b^2)^(1/2))^(1/4))*(b+(-2*a*c+b^2)/(-4*a*c+b^2)^(1/2))*2^(1/4)/a^2 /(-b+(-4*a*c+b^2)^(1/2))^(1/4)+2*b/a^2/x^(1/2)
Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3 in optimal.
Time = 0.11 (sec) , antiderivative size = 106, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.26 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^{7/2} \left (a+b x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\frac {-\frac {4 \left (a-5 b x^2\right )}{x^{5/2}}+5 \text {RootSum}\left [a+b \text {$\#$1}^4+c \text {$\#$1}^8\&,\frac {b^2 \log \left (\sqrt {x}-\text {$\#$1}\right )-a c \log \left (\sqrt {x}-\text {$\#$1}\right )+b c \log \left (\sqrt {x}-\text {$\#$1}\right ) \text {$\#$1}^4}{b \text {$\#$1}+2 c \text {$\#$1}^5}\&\right ]}{10 a^2} \]
((-4*(a - 5*b*x^2))/x^(5/2) + 5*RootSum[a + b*#1^4 + c*#1^8 & , (b^2*Log[S qrt[x] - #1] - a*c*Log[Sqrt[x] - #1] + b*c*Log[Sqrt[x] - #1]*#1^4)/(b*#1 + 2*c*#1^5) & ])/(10*a^2)
Time = 0.62 (sec) , antiderivative size = 383, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.93, number of steps used = 10, number of rules used = 9, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.450, Rules used = {1435, 1704, 27, 1828, 1834, 27, 827, 218, 221}
Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.
\(\displaystyle \int \frac {1}{x^{7/2} \left (a+b x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 1435 |
\(\displaystyle 2 \int \frac {1}{x^3 \left (c x^4+b x^2+a\right )}d\sqrt {x}\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 1704 |
\(\displaystyle 2 \left (\frac {\int -\frac {5 \left (c x^2+b\right )}{x \left (c x^4+b x^2+a\right )}d\sqrt {x}}{5 a}-\frac {1}{5 a x^{5/2}}\right )\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 27 |
\(\displaystyle 2 \left (-\frac {\int \frac {c x^2+b}{x \left (c x^4+b x^2+a\right )}d\sqrt {x}}{a}-\frac {1}{5 a x^{5/2}}\right )\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 1828 |
\(\displaystyle 2 \left (-\frac {-\frac {\int \frac {x \left (b^2+c x^2 b-a c\right )}{c x^4+b x^2+a}d\sqrt {x}}{a}-\frac {b}{a \sqrt {x}}}{a}-\frac {1}{5 a x^{5/2}}\right )\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 1834 |
\(\displaystyle 2 \left (-\frac {-\frac {\frac {1}{2} c \left (\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}+b\right ) \int \frac {2 x}{2 c x^2+b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}d\sqrt {x}+\frac {1}{2} c \left (b-\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right ) \int \frac {2 x}{2 c x^2+b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}d\sqrt {x}}{a}-\frac {b}{a \sqrt {x}}}{a}-\frac {1}{5 a x^{5/2}}\right )\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 27 |
\(\displaystyle 2 \left (-\frac {-\frac {c \left (\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}+b\right ) \int \frac {x}{2 c x^2+b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}d\sqrt {x}+c \left (b-\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right ) \int \frac {x}{2 c x^2+b+\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}d\sqrt {x}}{a}-\frac {b}{a \sqrt {x}}}{a}-\frac {1}{5 a x^{5/2}}\right )\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 827 |
\(\displaystyle 2 \left (-\frac {-\frac {c \left (b-\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right ) \left (\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x+\sqrt {-b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}}d\sqrt {x}}{2 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {c}}-\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {-b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x}d\sqrt {x}}{2 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {c}}\right )+c \left (\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}+b\right ) \left (\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x+\sqrt {\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}d\sqrt {x}}{2 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {c}}-\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x}d\sqrt {x}}{2 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {c}}\right )}{a}-\frac {b}{a \sqrt {x}}}{a}-\frac {1}{5 a x^{5/2}}\right )\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 218 |
\(\displaystyle 2 \left (-\frac {-\frac {c \left (b-\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right ) \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}\right )}{2\ 2^{3/4} c^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}-\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {-b-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x}d\sqrt {x}}{2 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {c}}\right )+c \left (\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}+b\right ) \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}\right )}{2\ 2^{3/4} c^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}-\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x}d\sqrt {x}}{2 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {c}}\right )}{a}-\frac {b}{a \sqrt {x}}}{a}-\frac {1}{5 a x^{5/2}}\right )\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 221 |
\(\displaystyle 2 \left (-\frac {-\frac {c \left (b-\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right ) \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}\right )}{2\ 2^{3/4} c^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}-\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}\right )}{2\ 2^{3/4} c^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{-\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}\right )+c \left (\frac {b^2-2 a c}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}+b\right ) \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}\right )}{2\ 2^{3/4} c^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}-\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}\right )}{2\ 2^{3/4} c^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}-b}}\right )}{a}-\frac {b}{a \sqrt {x}}}{a}-\frac {1}{5 a x^{5/2}}\right )\) |
2*(-1/5*1/(a*x^(5/2)) - (-(b/(a*Sqrt[x])) - (c*(b - (b^2 - 2*a*c)/Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c])*(ArcTan[(2^(1/4)*c^(1/4)*Sqrt[x])/(-b - Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c])^(1/4 )]/(2*2^(3/4)*c^(3/4)*(-b - Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c])^(1/4)) - ArcTanh[(2^(1/4)*c ^(1/4)*Sqrt[x])/(-b - Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c])^(1/4)]/(2*2^(3/4)*c^(3/4)*(-b - S qrt[b^2 - 4*a*c])^(1/4))) + c*(b + (b^2 - 2*a*c)/Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c])*(ArcTa n[(2^(1/4)*c^(1/4)*Sqrt[x])/(-b + Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c])^(1/4)]/(2*2^(3/4)*c^( 3/4)*(-b + Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c])^(1/4)) - ArcTanh[(2^(1/4)*c^(1/4)*Sqrt[x])/( -b + Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c])^(1/4)]/(2*2^(3/4)*c^(3/4)*(-b + Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c]) ^(1/4))))/a)/a)
3.11.70.3.1 Defintions of rubi rules used
Int[(a_)*(Fx_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[a Int[Fx, x], x] /; FreeQ[a, x] && !Ma tchQ[Fx, (b_)*(Gx_) /; FreeQ[b, x]]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(Rt[a/b, 2]/a)*ArcTan[x/R t[a/b, 2]], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(Rt[-a/b, 2]/a)*ArcTanh[x /Rt[-a/b, 2]], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && NegQ[a/b]
Int[(x_)^2/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^4), x_Symbol] :> With[{r = Numerator[Rt[-a/b, 2]], s = Denominator[Rt[-a/b, 2]]}, Simp[s/(2*b) Int[1/(r + s*x^2), x], x] - Simp[s/(2*b) Int[1/(r - s*x^2), x], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && !GtQ [a/b, 0]
Int[((d_.)*(x_))^(m_)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2 + (c_.)*(x_)^4)^(p_), x_Symbol] :> With[{k = Denominator[m]}, Simp[k/d Subst[Int[x^(k*(m + 1) - 1)*(a + b *(x^(2*k)/d^2) + c*(x^(4*k)/d^4))^p, x], x, (d*x)^(1/k)], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, p}, x] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && FractionQ[m] && IntegerQ[p]
Int[((d_.)*(x_))^(m_)*((a_) + (c_.)*(x_)^(n2_.) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_), x_ Symbol] :> Simp[(d*x)^(m + 1)*((a + b*x^n + c*x^(2*n))^(p + 1)/(a*d*(m + 1) )), x] - Simp[1/(a*d^n*(m + 1)) Int[(d*x)^(m + n)*(b*(m + n*(p + 1) + 1) + c*(m + 2*n*(p + 1) + 1)*x^n)*(a + b*x^n + c*x^(2*n))^p, x], x] /; FreeQ[{ a, b, c, d, p}, x] && EqQ[n2, 2*n] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && IGtQ[n, 0] && LtQ[m, -1] && IntegerQ[p]
Int[((f_.)*(x_))^(m_.)*((d_) + (e_.)*(x_)^(n_))*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_) + ( c_.)*(x_)^(n2_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[d*(f*x)^(m + 1)*((a + b*x^n + c*x^ (2*n))^(p + 1)/(a*f*(m + 1))), x] + Simp[1/(a*f^n*(m + 1)) Int[(f*x)^(m + n)*(a + b*x^n + c*x^(2*n))^p*Simp[a*e*(m + 1) - b*d*(m + n*(p + 1) + 1) - c*d*(m + 2*n*(p + 1) + 1)*x^n, x], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, f, p}, x ] && EqQ[n2, 2*n] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && IGtQ[n, 0] && LtQ[m, -1] && Int egerQ[p]
Int[(((f_.)*(x_))^(m_.)*((d_) + (e_.)*(x_)^(n_)))/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_) + (c_.)*(x_)^(n2_)), x_Symbol] :> With[{q = Rt[b^2 - 4*a*c, 2]}, Simp[(e/2 + (2*c*d - b*e)/(2*q)) Int[(f*x)^m/(b/2 - q/2 + c*x^n), x], x] + Simp[(e/2 - (2*c*d - b*e)/(2*q)) Int[(f*x)^m/(b/2 + q/2 + c*x^n), x], x]] /; FreeQ [{a, b, c, d, e, f, m}, x] && EqQ[n2, 2*n] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && IGtQ[n , 0]
Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 0.08 (sec) , antiderivative size = 81, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.20
method | result | size |
risch | \(-\frac {2 \left (-5 b \,x^{2}+a \right )}{5 a^{2} x^{\frac {5}{2}}}+\frac {\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (c \,\textit {\_Z}^{8}+\textit {\_Z}^{4} b +a \right )}{\sum }\frac {\left (b c \,\textit {\_R}^{6}+\left (-a c +b^{2}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{2}\right ) \ln \left (\sqrt {x}-\textit {\_R} \right )}{2 \textit {\_R}^{7} c +\textit {\_R}^{3} b}}{2 a^{2}}\) | \(81\) |
derivativedivides | \(-\frac {2}{5 a \,x^{\frac {5}{2}}}+\frac {2 b}{a^{2} \sqrt {x}}-\frac {\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (c \,\textit {\_Z}^{8}+\textit {\_Z}^{4} b +a \right )}{\sum }\frac {\left (-b c \,\textit {\_R}^{6}+\left (a c -b^{2}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{2}\right ) \ln \left (\sqrt {x}-\textit {\_R} \right )}{2 \textit {\_R}^{7} c +\textit {\_R}^{3} b}}{2 a^{2}}\) | \(84\) |
default | \(-\frac {2}{5 a \,x^{\frac {5}{2}}}+\frac {2 b}{a^{2} \sqrt {x}}-\frac {\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (c \,\textit {\_Z}^{8}+\textit {\_Z}^{4} b +a \right )}{\sum }\frac {\left (-b c \,\textit {\_R}^{6}+\left (a c -b^{2}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{2}\right ) \ln \left (\sqrt {x}-\textit {\_R} \right )}{2 \textit {\_R}^{7} c +\textit {\_R}^{3} b}}{2 a^{2}}\) | \(84\) |
-2/5*(-5*b*x^2+a)/a^2/x^(5/2)+1/2/a^2*sum((b*c*_R^6+(-a*c+b^2)*_R^2)/(2*_R ^7*c+_R^3*b)*ln(x^(1/2)-_R),_R=RootOf(_Z^8*c+_Z^4*b+a))
Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 8376 vs. \(2 (328) = 656\).
Time = 7.04 (sec) , antiderivative size = 8376, normalized size of antiderivative = 20.33 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^{7/2} \left (a+b x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\text {Too large to display} \]
Timed out. \[ \int \frac {1}{x^{7/2} \left (a+b x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\text {Timed out} \]
\[ \int \frac {1}{x^{7/2} \left (a+b x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\int { \frac {1}{{\left (c x^{4} + b x^{2} + a\right )} x^{\frac {7}{2}}} \,d x } \]
2/5*(5*b/sqrt(x) - a/x^(5/2))/a^2 + integrate((b*c*x^(5/2) + (b^2 - a*c)*s qrt(x))/(a^2*c*x^4 + a^2*b*x^2 + a^3), x)
\[ \int \frac {1}{x^{7/2} \left (a+b x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\int { \frac {1}{{\left (c x^{4} + b x^{2} + a\right )} x^{\frac {7}{2}}} \,d x } \]
Time = 15.16 (sec) , antiderivative size = 15149, normalized size of antiderivative = 36.77 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^{7/2} \left (a+b x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\text {Too large to display} \]
atan((((-(b^13 + b^8*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2) + 144*a^6*b*c^6 + 115*a^2*b^ 9*c^2 - 390*a^3*b^7*c^3 + 681*a^4*b^5*c^4 - 552*a^5*b^3*c^5 + a^4*c^4*(-(4 *a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2) - 17*a*b^11*c + 15*a^2*b^4*c^2*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/ 2) - 10*a^3*b^2*c^3*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2) - 7*a*b^6*c*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5 )^(1/2))/(32*(a^9*b^8 + 256*a^13*c^4 - 16*a^10*b^6*c + 96*a^11*b^4*c^2 - 2 56*a^12*b^2*c^3)))^(3/4)*(x^(1/2)*(-(b^13 + b^8*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2) + 144*a^6*b*c^6 + 115*a^2*b^9*c^2 - 390*a^3*b^7*c^3 + 681*a^4*b^5*c^4 - 552 *a^5*b^3*c^5 + a^4*c^4*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2) - 17*a*b^11*c + 15*a^2*b^4 *c^2*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2) - 10*a^3*b^2*c^3*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2) - 7*a*b^6*c*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2))/(32*(a^9*b^8 + 256*a^13*c^4 - 16*a^10* b^6*c + 96*a^11*b^4*c^2 - 256*a^12*b^2*c^3)))^(1/4)*(131072*a^28*c^9 - 409 6*a^23*b^10*c^4 + 57344*a^24*b^8*c^5 - 299008*a^25*b^6*c^6 + 696320*a^26*b ^4*c^7 - 655360*a^27*b^2*c^8) - 131072*a^26*b*c^9 + 2048*a^21*b^11*c^4 - 2 8672*a^22*b^9*c^5 + 151552*a^23*b^7*c^6 - 368640*a^24*b^5*c^7 + 393216*a^2 5*b^3*c^8) + x^(1/2)*(768*a^21*b*c^11 - 256*a^20*b^3*c^10))*(-(b^13 + b^8* (-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2) + 144*a^6*b*c^6 + 115*a^2*b^9*c^2 - 390*a^3*b^7*c ^3 + 681*a^4*b^5*c^4 - 552*a^5*b^3*c^5 + a^4*c^4*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2) - 17*a*b^11*c + 15*a^2*b^4*c^2*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2) - 10*a^3*b^2*c^3*( -(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2) - 7*a*b^6*c*(-(4*a*c - b^2)^5)^(1/2))/(32*(a^9*b^8 + 256*a^13*c^4 - 16*a^10*b^6*c + 96*a^11*b^4*c^2 - 256*a^12*b^2*c^3)))...